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Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine encoded by the IL18 gene in humans. It plays a crucial role in immune responses, particularly in epithelial barrier repair and the activation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and natural killer (NK) cells. IL-18 binds to its receptors, forming a ternary complex that activates NF-kappa-B, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. It also works synergistically with interleukin-12 (IL-12) to stimulate interferon-gamma (IFNG) synthesis. Additionally, IL-18 is involved in the inflammatory response associated with pyroptosis, being released in its mature form through the gasdermin-D pore.